Category: tech

Ansible + Handy PyPI CLI Tools

I often use a lot of PyPI CLI tools. Here is an example of how to get them easily installed and kept up to date via Ansible on Ubuntu >= 18.04.

Install base `pip` via apt then run pip:

- name: Get Python3 pip
  package:
    name: python3-pip
    state: latest

- name: Add some handy Python PyPI Tools
  pip:
    name: "{{ item }}"
    extra_args: --upgrade
  with_items:
    - "black"
    - "coverage"
    - "mypy"
    - "pip"
    - "setuptools"

Enjoy up to date core Python tools + handy CLIs for dev work.

Please do NOT use on a Production host …

IPv6 + Flow labels

Recently a teammate and I have come across a frame forwarding issue with ECMP on a hardware ASIC in a device I work on where the use of Flow labels are used in the ECMP hash. This was interesting as we found iperf was not setting the Flow label at all, unless you specify the -L option and due to this we saw TCP traffic taking different paths, contradictory to what we thought we had configured in our FIB and what we actually wanted.

This sparked interest in me then wondering how popular platforms set the IPv6 Flow label for the different protocols; that being, ICMPv6, TCP and UDP. The Flow label being at Layer 3, I would expect it used the same for each protocol, but I could not find literature to back this theory up. So I fired up Wireshark on Mac, Linux and Windows to find out what they do. Here are my results I found.

If you want to know more about what Flow Labels are I would reccomened the following links:

  • Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_packet#Fixed_header
  • RFC: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6437

Summary

With each protocol the client and the server maintained consistent Flow labels for the ‘session’ as expected, except for Windows with ICMPv6 Requests! Here Windows set the Flow label to 0 (0x00000000).

Tests Performed

To get my results I ran:

  • ping6 -c 2 us.cooperlees.com
    (ICMPv6)
    – ping -6 us.cooperlees.com on Windows
  • ssh -6 us.cooperlees.com
    (TCP)
    – Used putty on Windows
  • Raw NTP UDP Query
    Python 3 Code: https://pastebin.com/RDBRqG0G
    (UDP)

Linux

Test Distro: Ubuntu 18.04
Test Kernel: 4.15.0-23-generic

ICMPv6
– Different Flow label, but consistent for the 2 ping packets on each ICMPv6 Type 128/129 packet from sender and receiver

TCP
– Different Flow label for sender and receiver but consistent across the SSH connection.

UDP
– Different Flow label for sender and receiver for each UDP packet as expected.

Mac OS X

Test Version: 10.13.6 17G65
Test Kernel: Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0

ICMPv6
– Different Flow label, but consistent for the 2 ping packets on each ICMPv6 Type 128/129 packet from sender and receiver

TCP
– Different Flow label for sender and receiver but consistent across the SSH connection.

UDP
– Different Flow label for sender and receiver for each UDP packet as expected.

Windows

Test Version: Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.16299.371]

ICMPv6
– Windows sets the ICMPv6 Type 128 (request) IPv6 Flow label to 0x00000000!
(I also noticed different DSCP for traffic class)

TCP
– Different Flow label for sender and receiver but consistent across the SSH connection.

UDP
– Different Flow label for sender and receiver for each UDP packet as expected.

BitBucket + hg + branch merges

Ever have to update/merge a PR on BitBucket with Mercurial? I couldn’t find documentation anywhere, so doing so here:

  1. hg up BOOKMARK_NAME
  2. hg merge [–preview] -r REV
  3. If EDITOR is not set:
    export EDITOR=vim
  4. hg resolve –all
  5. hg commit -m “Merge with default”
  6. hg push –allow-anon

GitHub + Rebasing from upstream/master to origin/master

So, every now and then on a PR I need to rebase and fix things so I can retest etc. – I always forget this so blogging it to remember.

Scenario:

I have a diff on origin/master on my forked repo and I need a rebase from upstream/master (where I forked from).

Process:
Github recommends merging (https://help.github.com/articles/syncing-a-fork/), this is not always the best way. I do the following:

  1. git remote add upstream https://github.com/python/cpython.git
  2. git fetch upstream master
  3. git rebase upstream/master (no space here ‘/’ instead)

I hope this saves you some time as I continually waste time here.

IPv6 Tacacs+ Support (tac_plus)

Recently @ Facebook we found that we required IPv6 access to TACACS for auth (AAA) for the majority of our production Network Equipment. Tacacs+ (tac_plus) is an old daemon released by Cisco in the late 90s. It still works (even at our scale) and the config was doing what we required, so it was decided that we should add IPv6 Support to it to move forwards until we no longer require TACACS for authentication, authorization and accounting.

IPv6 has been added in true dirty 90s C code style via pre-processor macros. The source is publicly available via a GitHub Repository.

This version is based off F4.0.4.19 with the following patches (full history can be seen in the Git Repository):

  • Logging modifications
  • PAM Support
  • MD5 support
  • IPv6 (AF_INET6) Socket Listening

Readme.md has most of the information you require to build the software and I have included RPM .spec files (that have been tested on CentOS 6). The specs generate two RPMS with tacacs+6 relying on the tacacs+ rpm to be installed for libraries and man pages.

RPMS Build on CentOS 6.5 x86_64 + SRC rpms avaliable here: https://cooperlees.com/rpms/

Usage Tips:

  • Do not add listen directives into tac_plus.conf so that each daemon can load the same conf file (for consistency)
  • Logging:
    • /var/log/tac_plus.acct and tac_plus6.acct are where accounting information will go (as well as syslog) – Logrotate time …
    • /var/log/tac_plus.log and tac_plus6.log is where default debug logs will go
  • Configure syslog to send the LOG_LOCAL3 somewhere useful (this will get both tac_plus and tac_plus6 log information)
  • Pid Files will live in /var/run/tac_plus.pid.0.0.0.0 and tac_plus6.pid.::
  • The RPM does not /sbin/chkconfig –add or enable, so be sure to enable the version of tac_plus you require.

Tested Support on Vendor Hardware

  • Arista EoS (4.13.3F): need to use ‘ipv6 host name ::1’ as TACACS conf can’t handle raw IPv6 addresses (lame) 
  • Cisco NXOS (6.0(2)U2(4) [build 6.0(2)U2(3.6)]):
    feature tacacs+
    tacacs-server key 7 “c00p3rIstheMan”
    tacacs-server host a:cafe::1
    tacacs-server host b:b00c::2
    aaa group server tacacs+ TACACS
    server a:cafe::1
    server b:b00c::2
    source-interface Vlan2001 (ensure what IP request will come from)
  • Juniper: >= Junos 13.3R2.7 required for IPv6 Tacacs (Tested on MX)

I know it’s old school code but please feel free to submit bug patches / enhancements. This should allow us to keep this beast running until we can deprecate it’s need …

VMWare Guest Consoles over a WAN with Latency

Have you ever used the VMWare console over a WAN with latency and it enters multiple key strokes into the console and makes using the console super annoying! It makes me HATE VMWare and want to smash it into 10000 pieces with a baseball bat.

Well the answer is to add a line to your VMs VMX file to allow it to be ‘laggier’. For example the following will give you 2 second between key strokes:

  • keyboard.typematicMinDelay = “2000000”

For more information: http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=196